Table 1

Insulin resistance 'subphenotypes' seen in humans and mice with deficiency or mutations of HMGA1 or INSR*
		Human			Mouse

Tissue	Characteristic	INSR mutation^†	HMGA1 mutation	Common IR/T2DM	*Hmga1*^-/-	Insr loss of function^‡

Whole body	Fasting glucose	↓ to → to ↑	↓ to → to ↑	→ to ↑	→	↓ to → to ↑
	Fasting insulin	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	↑ to ↑↑	↓	↑↑
	Insulin sensitivity	↓↓↓	↓↓↓	↓ to ↓↓	↑	↓↓↓
	Glucose tolerance	→ to ↓	→ to ↓	→ to ↓	↓	↓

Liver	Lipid profile	Normal Tg and HDL	?	High Tg, low HDL	?	?
	IGFBP1	↑	↓	↓	↓	↑↑
	SHBG	↑	?	↓	?	?
	Liver fat	Normal	?	↑	?	?

Adipose tissue	Adiponectin	↑↑	?	↓	?	↑
	Leptin	↓	?	→ to ↑↑	?	↓
	RBP	↓	?	↑	↓↓	?

Tg, triglyceride; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; IGFBP1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; RBP, retinol binding protein. ^†Representative of patients with Rabson Mendenhall syndrome, in which there is approximately 90% loss of INSR function. ^‡No strictly Insr* hypomorphic mice with 10% residual receptor function have been reported, so results are inferred from related models, such as a conditional peripheral Insr knockout and an Insr mosaic knockout.
Semple Journal of Biology 2009 8:64 doi:10.1186/jbiol164