Table 1 |
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Insulin resistance 'subphenotypes' seen in humans and mice with deficiency or mutations of HMGA1 or INSR* |
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Human |
Mouse |
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|
|
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|
Tissue |
Characteristic |
INSR mutation† |
HMGA1 mutation |
Common IR/T2DM |
Hmga1-/- |
Insr loss of function‡ |
|
|
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|
Whole body |
Fasting glucose |
↓ to → to ↑ |
↓ to → to ↑ |
→ to ↑ |
→ |
↓ to → to ↑ |
|
Fasting insulin |
↑↑↑ |
↑↑↑ |
↑ to ↑↑ |
↓ |
↑↑ |
|
|
Insulin sensitivity |
↓↓↓ |
↓↓↓ |
↓ to ↓↓ |
↑ |
↓↓↓ |
|
|
Glucose tolerance |
→ to ↓ |
→ to ↓ |
→ to ↓ |
↓ |
↓ |
|
|
Liver |
Lipid profile |
Normal Tg and HDL |
? |
High Tg, low HDL |
? |
? |
|
IGFBP1 |
↑ |
↓ |
↓ |
↓ |
↑↑ |
|
|
SHBG |
↑ |
? |
↓ |
? |
? |
|
|
Liver fat |
Normal |
? |
↑ |
? |
? |
|
|
Adipose tissue |
Adiponectin |
↑↑ |
? |
↓ |
? |
↑ |
|
Leptin |
↓ |
? |
→ to ↑↑ |
? |
↓ |
|
|
RBP |
↓ |
? |
↑ |
↓↓ |
? |
|
|
|
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|
*Tg, triglyceride; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; IGFBP1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; RBP, retinol binding protein. †Representative of patients with Rabson Mendenhall syndrome, in which there is approximately 90% loss of INSR function. ‡No strictly Insr hypomorphic mice with 10% residual receptor function have been reported, so results are inferred from related models, such as a conditional peripheral Insr knockout and an Insr mosaic knockout. |
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Semple Journal of Biology 2009 8:64 doi:10.1186/jbiol164 |
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