|
Angiogenesis factors |
|
| Factors affecting endothelial proliferation and migration |
|
| VEGF family (vascular endothelial growth factors) |
Mediate vascular permeability, endothelial proliferation, migration, and survival |
| FGF family (fibroblast growth factors) |
Have roles in neuronal signaling, inflammatory processes, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and invasion |
| PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) |
Induces angiogenesis, cellular proliferation and migration in synergy with transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) and EGF |
| EGF (epidermal growth factor) |
Involved in tumor proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and wound healing |
| Angiopoietins (Ang1, Ang2) |
Endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, focal contact formation, and migration |
| Angiopoietin-related growth factors |
For example, ANGPTL3, FARP, PGAR |
| TIE receptors (TIE1, TIE2) |
Essential in embryonic angiogenesis; endothelial motility |
| Eph receptors and Ephrins |
Promote migration, repulsion, adhesion and attachment to the extracellular matrix via integrins |
| HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) |
Neuronal survival factor; proliferation, migration and differentiation of various cell types |
| TP (thymidine phosphorylase) |
Induces endothelial chemotaxis |
| NPY (neuropeptide Y) |
Endothelial cell adhesion, migration and differentiation into capillaries |
| Factors affecting the basement membrane and extracellular matrix |
|
| TF (tissue factor) |
Upregulates VEGF on endothelial cells; starts coagulation process, leading to creation of two pro-thrombin fragments |
| Thrombin |
Endothelial and tumor cell mitogen, increases metastasis in vivo |
| uPA (plasminogen activator, urokinase) |
Only expressed in angiogenic endothelium; has a role in preventing excessive extracellular membrane proteolysis |
| tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) |
Role in angiogenesis, as it is inhibited by angiogenesis inhibitor angiostatin |
| Plasmin |
Scavenges α2-antiplasmin and α2-macroglobulin |
| Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) |
Release extracellular membrane-bound growth factors |
| Chymases |
Role in proteolysis |
| Heparanases |
Role in proteolysis |
| Integrins |
Role in attachment of endothelial cells to basement membrane, extracellular membrane, and other endothelial cells |
|
Multiple different and redundant factors are involved in the complex process of angiogenesis. This table represents a sample of those factors with roles in endothelial proliferation and migration, and in the degradation of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. Adapted from [4]. | |
Burton and Libutti Journal of Biology 2009 8:85 doi:10.1186/jbiol189 |
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